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- Weighs approximately 3 pounds
- Mostly water - 78%
- Fat - 10%
- Protein - 8%
- Soft enough to cut with a butter knife
- Grapefruit-sized organ
- Outside of the brain
- Convolutions or folds
- Wrinkles are part of the cerebral cortex
- Folds allow maximum surface area
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- Makes up critical portion of the nervous system
- Nerve cells connected by nearly 1 million miles of nerve fibers
- Has the largest area of uncommitted cortex of any species giving humans
flexibility for learning.
- Brain consumes about 20% of the body's energy .
- The Brain uses about 1/5 of the body's oxygen.
- The Brain gets about 8 gallons of blood each hour (supplying nutrients
like glucose, protein, trace elements, and oxygen).
- Brain needs 8-12 glasses of water a day for optimal functioning.
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- Technology paved the way for understanding how bring works.
- Enabled researchers to understand and see inside the brain.
- Brain scanners developed - Brain Imaging Technology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Radioactive glucose used to
determine activity in different parts of the brain
- Electroencephalography (EEG) – Electrodes give us readings about
electrical output of the brain
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- Frontal Lobe
- Area around your forehead
- Involved in purposeful acts like judgment, creativity, problem solving,
and planning.
- Parietal Lobe
- Top back area of the brain
- Processes higher sensory and language functions
- Temporal Lobe
- Left and right side above and around the ears
- Primarily responsible for hearing, memory, meaning, and language.
- Some overlap in functions of the lobes.
- Occipital Lobe
- Back of the brain
- Primarily responsible for vision
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- Layered construction of a sequence of 3-D anatomical probability maps.
- Order:
- Thalamus.
- Putamen, Caudate, and Insula
- Cerebellum
- Temporal lobes
- Occipital lobes
- Parietal lobes
- Frontal lobes
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- PET Scans Show Brain Function
- Four Different Slices of the Same Brain
- Mapping of Cerebral Function
- Resting Brain Shows No “hotspots”
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- Subject listened to some music.
- Increased activity in the PET image containing the auditory cortex.
- Nonverbal stimuli (music) predominantly activates the nondominant
(right) hemisphere.
- Simultaneous stimulation with language and music would cause a more
bilateral activation of the auditory cortex.
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- Subject exposed to visual stimulation consisting of both pattern and
color.
- Increased activity in the stimulated brain PET image (arrowhead).
- Region of increased activity corresponds to the primary visual cortex.
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- Increased activity in the stimulated brain PET image (arrowhead).
- Region of increased activity corresponds to the frontal cortex.
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- Subject required to remember an image for later recall.
- Increased activity in the stimulated brain PET image (arrowhead) is the
hippocampal formation.
- Region of the brain implicated in learning and memory.
- Hypocampus integrates sensory information along with amygdala
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- Motor stimulation of the brain
- Subject to hop up and down on his right foot.
- Motor task of a movement of the right foot caused:
- Cortical metabolic activation of the left motor strip (horizontal
arrowhead)
- Caused supplementary motor cortex (vertical arrow, top).
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- The thalamus is often thought of as the individual consciousness - the "You"
- Narrow bands across the top middle of the brain
- Sensory Cortex - Monitors skin receptors
- Motor Cortex - Needed for Movement
- Cerebellum
- Latin for "the little brain"
- Back lower area of the brain
- Responsible for balance, posture, motor movement, and some areas of
cognition
- Thought to include the essential long-term memory traces for motor
learning.
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- Amygdala controls major affective activities like friendship, love and
affection, on the expression of mood and, mainly, on fear, rage and
aggression.
- Hippocampus is particularly involved with memory phenomena, specially
with the formation of long-term memory.
- Thalamus makes connections
- Hypothalamus - symptomatic manifestations and expression of emotions
- Brain Stem – emotional reflex reactions
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- Glia - (Greek word meaning glue)
- 90% of the brain cells
- Less known about glia cells
- No cell body
- Remove dead brain cells and give structural support
- Neurons (Greek word meaning bowstring)
- 100 billion neurons in human brain
- Neurons essential to performing the brain's work
- Consist of a compact cell body, dendrites, and axons
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- Neurons (brain cells) make connections between different parts of the
brain.
- Information is carried inside a neuron by electrical pulses and
transmitted across the synaptic gap from one neuron to another by
chemicals called neurotransmitters.
- Learning is a critical function of neurons.
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- Dendritic branching helps make connections between cells.
- As cells connect with other cells, synapses occurs.
- New synapses appear after learning.
- Repeating earlier learning makes neural pathways more efficient through
myelination (fatty substances formed around axons)
- Brain Songs - http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/songs.html
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- Relative glucose metabolic rate related to complexity of the dendritic
structure of cortical neurons.
- Increase in capillary density in the human frontal cortex during the
same period.
- Decrease in glucose metabolic rate in the adult reflects a
"pruning" of excessive neuronal connectivity and a selective
stabilization of the remaining neuronal connections.
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- PBS Web - http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/index.html
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- Broca’s Area:
- In the left frontal lobe
- Controls production of speech sounds
- Lies close to motor areas
- Wernicke’s Area:
- Left temporal lobe
- Gets meaning from words and sentences
- Formulates ideas into speech
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- Sound waves enter your ear canal and hit your ear drum.
- This makes the ear drum vibrate.
- Three tiny bones in your middle ear link the vibrating ear drum with the
inner part of your ear.
- The last of these bones is connected to a tiny bone structure that looks
a bit like a snail shell, but is about the size of a pea. It is called
the cochlea (pronounced cock-lee-ah).
- Your cochlea is filled with a liquid that carries the vibrations to
thousands of tiny hair cells.
- Each cell is tuned to a particular sound (or frequency).
- As these little hair cells move in the fluid, they carry a message to
the nerve that is connected to your brain, which turns this signal into
what you hear.
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- Unpracticed Task
- Yellow and red regions are "hotter – higher cell activity
- Patient was unpracticed at the language learning task.
- The highest brain activities in the temporal lobe responsible for the
hearing perception
- Prefrontal cortex responsible for understanding language.
- Practiced Task
- Same individual has now learned the language task and is spelling out.
- Concentrated in the Broca area of the cortex which is responsible for
the motor control of voice
- Real-time image of brain function.
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- Familiar music activates Broca's area (left hemisphere)
- Rhythm notes are activated in Broca's area and the cerebellum
- Harmony activates the left side of the brain more than the right in the
inferior temporal cortex.
- Timbre activated the right hemisphere (the only musical element that
did)
- Pitch activated an area on the left back of the brain - the precuneus.
- Melody activated both sides of the brain.
- Composite listening - Left and Right Hemisphere - Auditory Cortex
- Understanding lyrics - Wernicke's Area
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- "Music goes much deeper than that—below the outer layers of the
auditory and visual cortex to the limbic system, which controls our
emotions. The emotions generated there produce a number of well-known
physiological responses. Sadness, for instance, automatically causes
pulse to slow, blood pressure to rise, a drop in the skin's conductivity
and a rise in temperature. Fear increases heart rate; happiness makes
you breathe faster.”
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- Music modulates our body's stress responses.
- Music can decrease or increase stress levels.
- Music is a strong and powerful mood enhancer.
- Music strengthens our immune systems and enhances wellness.
- Sounds connect us to our sympathetic and parasympathetic
(stress/distress response) nervous systems.
- Music impacts blood flow in the body.
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- Evidence exists that music can be helpful in healing.
- Possible Explanation - Music can help the body get back in synch since
the body emits and responds to sounds and vibrations.
- Natural state of rest - 8 cycles per second (8 cps) - corresponding with
alpha brainwave state
- Every function in the body has a modifiable, basic rhythmic pattern and
vibratory rate that impacts our nerves through sound.
- Body is maintained through rhythmic vibration.
- Changes in harmonic patterns, tonal sequences, rhythmic patterns might
affect physical and mental health.
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- The Mind Institute
- http://www.mindinst.org/MIND3/indexresearchers.html
- 1993 - College students who listened to the Mozart Sonata for Two
Pianos in D Major (K.448)
- Short-term subsequent enhancement of their spatial-temporal (ST)
reasoning (making a mental image and thinking ahead in space and time,
as in chess, music or math).
- 1997 - 3 year-olds given piano keyboard training for six months showed
long-term ST reasoning enhancement.
- The Mozart Effect Resource http://www.mozarteffect.com/learn/read.html
- Results of Research
- Evidence has been reported in 26 of 27 studies that were done to
duplicate the effect.
- Effect is cross-species (occurs in rats brains as well),
- Music impacts neural firing patterns in epileptics as demonstrated in
PET scans (improved spatial reasoning)
- Effect present in preschoolers and not dependant on musical talent
- EEG Studies demonstrated enhanced synchronization of neuronal firing
activity of the right frontal and left temporal-parietal areas compared
to students listening to a story.
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- Mo Kin – Japanese 3 year old musician http://robpongi.com/pages/comboMOKINHI.html
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- Secret Life of the Brain (PBS) - http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/index.html
- Seeing, Hearing, and Smelling - http://www.hhmi.org/senses/
- Neuroscience for Kids - http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html
- The Musical Brain - http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/music.html
- Kidshealth - http://kidshealth.org/kid/
- International Foundation for Music Research - http://www.music-research.org/
- Brain and Emotions Research - http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/emotion/
- Songs for Teaching - Using Music to Promote Learning - http://www.songsforteaching.com/index.html
- NIEHS Kids' Pages - http://www.niehs.nih.gov/kids/music.htm
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